Postcolonial Studies

"I no longer feel inclined to make comments on my own work, which I feel should speak for itself." (qtd. in Feminist Writers)

Introduction

Kareen Fleur Adcock was born February 10, 1934, in Papakura, New Zealand to Cyril John and Irene Robinson Adcock. She legally changed her name to Fleur Adcock in 1982. Her early education began in New Zealand; however, she spent most of her childhood (1939-1947) living and studying in England while both of her parents helped with World War II. After the war, her family returned to New Zealand where she received a degree in Classics from Victoria University at Wellington in 1954. At Victoria, Adcock met and married the poet Alistair Campbell in 1952. She gave birth to her first son, Gregory, just after she completed her B.A. degree. In 1956 she earned an M.A. The following year she gave birth to her second son, Andrew; in 1958 she and Campbell were divorced. In 1958, Adcock took a job as an assistant lecturer in classics at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. She also worked in the University library until 1961. In 1962, Adcock returned to Wellington to work in the Alexander Turnbull Library. This same year she briefly married writer Barry Crump. Her divorce from Crump in 1963 inspired Adcock to move from New Zealand to England with her five-year old son Andrew, leaving Gregory with his father. In London, Adcock worked as a librarian at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In 1975-76, Adcock paid her first visit to New Zealand since she left the country for London thirteen years before. The experience was traumatic. Upon her return to London, Adcock took two creative writing fellowships, the first at Charlotte Mason College of Education in Windermere and the second at the universities of Newcastle upon Tynne and Durham. Since 1980, Adcock has worked as a freelance writer, producing her own poetry and translating and editing collections. She also delivers talks on poetry for the British Broadcasting Corporation.

Major Themes

Adcock's poetry is characterized by images drawn from her immediate experience. Although the subject of her poetry often deals with personal matters, it is not confessional. "The content of my poems derives largely from those parts of my life which are directly experienced," Adcock said, "relationships with people or places; images and insights which have presented themselves sharply from whatever source, conscious or subconscious; ideas triggered off by language itself" (qtd. in Contemporary Authors). The nature of her poetry creates a tendency for impressionability; its subject and tone are dependent upon the place and time she is writing in. Adcock is often referred to as "the expatriate poet" because her life has been split between New Zealand and England, both countries claiming her as their own. "The awareness of the split in her life makes Adcock concentrate on the present, leading to rich description and clear imagery. She often focuses on particular places, immediate and concrete, to suggest that which is missing, using the present landscape as a backdrop for the 'receding pictures' it emotionally evokes" (Feminist Writers).

Adcock was trained as a classicist and much of her early work emphasizes structure, rhyme, and meter, as evidenced in The Eye of the Hurricane. Her first book of poetry contains reflections of her life in New Zealand, with a few poems written in England. Her second collection, Tigers, contains both new poems and the poems from The Eye of the Hurricane which she wanted to preserve. The poems in this book, such as "The Cave," focus on the conflict between the necessity of her urban life and Adcock's deeper desire to be free of society.

Beans grow well here, and little turnips.

Sometimes I find mushrooms

Or nuts, and every week I go

To the farm for eggs, cheese,

Salt and oatmeal. Often they give me

Olives and figs as well.

It is half a day's journey from here.

(I sometimes think of her

Shopping in the supermarket, fixed

Nervously by a shelf

Of tins, hesitating between three

Brands of coffee, in four

Different sizes.)

The subject of Adcock's poetry is often unromantic, yet she provides a deeper, sometimes dark, twist on what appears to be a mundane situation. High Tide in the Garden, published in 1971, reflects a return to domestic concerns. She writes about the house in East Finchley which she had just purchased and several poems reflecting back on her son Gregory and her previous life in New Zealand.

The Scenic Route focuses on Adcock's relationship with her Irish ancestors; the poems in this book are shorter and more imagistic than is typical of her style. Her earlier poems based on domesticity convey a feeling of familiarity; the poems in this collection are known as her travel poems and "cherish the variable physical details of a world viewed freshly" (Dictionary of Literary Biography). These poems integrate Adcock's interior landscape with the exterior world that she is exploring.

Adcock's next collection, The Inner Harbor, was written after a traumatic return to New Zealand. The book is divided into four sections and confronts the issues of love, death, and loss. In the final section, her poems reflect an acceptance and coming to terms with the losses that Adcock experienced thus far in her life.

Since 1980, Adcock's poetry has broken new ground. She experiments with different voices and speakers, moving away from direct observations and into an exploration of the unconscious. Her themes continue to include ancestry/history, love, death, childhood, and sex.

Awards

* Festival of Wellington Poetry Award, 1961.
* New Zealand State Literary Fund Award for Achievement (with others), 1964.
* Buckland Award (New Zealand), 1968 and 1979.
* Jesse MacKay Prize (New Zealand), 1968 and 1972.
* Cholmondeley Award, 1976.
* New Zealand National Book Award, 1984.
* Art's Council Writers' Award, 1988.
* Order of the British Empire, 1996.

Writings by Adcock

Poetry:

The Eye of the Hurricane. Wellington, Australia: Reed, 1964.
Tigers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
High Tide in the Garden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
The Scenic Route. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
The Inner Harbour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Below Loughrigg. Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe Books, 1979.
Selected Poems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
(With Maura Dooley, S. J. Litherland, and Jill Maugham)
Four-Pack, One: Four from Northern Women, Bloodaxe Books, 1986.
Hotspur: A Ballad for Music (libretto), music by Gillian Whitehead, Bloodaxe Books, 1986.
The Incident Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Meeting the Comet. Bloodaxe Books, 1988.
Time-Zones. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Looking Back. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.


Other:

Craeasnaru, Daniela. Letters from Darkness: Poems. Trans. by Adcock. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
The Faber Book of 20th Century Women's Poetry. Ed. by Adcock. London: Faber and Faber, 1987.
Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Trans. and ed. by Adcock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
The Oxford Book of Contemporary New Zealand Poetry, edited by Adcock (Auckland and London: Oxford University Press, 1982).
The Oxford Book of Creatures. Ed. by Adcock and Jacqueline Simms. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Tartler, Grete. Orient Express: Poems. Trans. by Adcock. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
The Virgin and theNightingale. Trans by Adcock. Newcastle upon Tynne: Bloodaxe Books, 1983.

Bibliography

Allnut, Gillian. "Genealogies." Poetry Review 88:1 (Spring 1998): 95-6.
Bleiman, Barbara (ed.). Five modern poets: Fleur Adcock, U.A. Fanthorpe, Tony Harrison, Anne Stevenson, Derek Walcott. New York: Longman, 1993.
Edmond, Lauris. "All interview with Fleur Adcock." Landfall: A New Zealand Literary Magazine 36 (1982): 320-6.
Gregson, Ian. "Your voice speaking in my poems: polyphony in Fleur Adcock." English: the Journal of the English
Association. 42:174 (Fall 1993): 239-51.
Hulse, Michael. "Fleur Adcock: a poet with bite." Quadrant. 28:197 (Jan/Feb 1984): 52-53.
Robinson, Lillian S., (ed.). Modern Women Writers. Volume One. New York, NY: Continuum Publishing Co., 1996.
Ruddick, Bill. "A clear channel flowing: the poetry of Fleur Adcock." Critical Quarterly. 26:4 (1984): 61-66.

Articles by Adcock

"Beginnings." Islands 7 (1979): 347-56.
"Some dangerous beautiful dislocation." Listener. 101: 2206: 22-3.
"Rural blitz: Fleur Adcock's English childhood." Poetry Review. 74: 2 (June 1984) :5-12.
"Geneology and poetry". GRINZ Yearbook. 1993: 1-9.
"The way it happens". The Poet's Voice and Draft, ed. C.B. McCully. Manchester:
Carcanet, 1994.
"Weilding the jawbone of an ass". New Zealand Books 4 (2):1 (August 1994): 11-12.

Works Cited

Feminist Writers. Edited by Pamela Kester-Shelton. Detroit: St. James Press, 1996.
Gale Database: Contemporary Authors. The Gale Group, 1999.
Gale Database: Dictionary of Literary Biography. The Gale Group, 1999.